🇨🇦 Canada

Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, and one of the world's oldest continuous democracies. Federal power rests with the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa, which consists of the monarch (represented by the Governor General), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Commons. Only the House of Commons is chosen by voters: its members (MPs) are elected by first-past-the-post in single-member ridings — 338 from 2015 to 2021, and 343 since the 2024 redistribution based on the 2021 census. The party (or coalition) that commands the confidence of the House forms the government, and its leader becomes prime minister; a party needs a majority of seats (170 of 338, or 172 of 343) to govern alone, otherwise it leads a minority government dependent on other parties. Elections are administered by Elections Canada, an independent, non-partisan agency, and official results are published at elections.ca.

Figures from official electoral authorities — see Data & Methodology. Last updated 2026-11-02.