🇷🇺 Russia

Russia's federal elections take place in a tightly controlled political system. The State Duma, the 450-seat lower house of the Federal Assembly, is elected every five years through a parallel (mixed) system — 225 seats by closed-list proportional representation with a 5% threshold and 225 in single-member districts by first-past-the-post — a design that has repeatedly converted United Russia's list vote into a constitutional supermajority. The president is elected for six years by two-round majority, though no post-Soviet presidential election has gone to a runoff. Elections are administered by the Central Election Commission (CIK); international observers and independent statisticians have documented large-scale irregularities in every recent federal vote.

Figures from official electoral authorities — see Data & Methodology. Last updated 2026-11-02.