🇧🇪 Belgium

Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy and one of the more intricate democracies in Europe, shaped at every level by the division between its Dutch-speaking north (Flanders) and French-speaking south (Wallonia), with bilingual Brussels and a small German-speaking community alongside. King Philippe is a ceremonial head of state; executive power rests with a federal government led by the prime minister and answerable to the Chamber of Representatives, the 150-member lower house elected by proportional representation (the D'Hondt method) in eleven provincial-level constituencies for five-year terms. Following a 2014 reform the Senate is no longer directly elected. Voting is compulsory, one of the few such systems in the European Union, which keeps turnout high. Belgium also elects its members of the European Parliament in three separate language-based electoral colleges (Dutch, French and German-speaking) rather than a single national constituency, so even its European representation is split along community lines.

Figures from official electoral authorities — see Data & Methodology. Last updated 2026-11-02.